Composición química, características nutricionales y beneficios asociados al consumo de chía (Salvia hispanica L.)

RESUMEN La chía (Salvia hispanica L.) es una semilla originaria de la zona sur de México y Guatemala, que se ha expandido a otros países de latinoamérica. Esta semilla ha sido utilizada con diferentes fines a lo largo de la historia, donde se destaca como producto alimentario debido a su gran versatilidad, ya que puede ser utilizada como semilla, harina integral, fracciones de fibra y/o proteína y aceite. En la actualidad, la investigación de nuevas fuentes alimentarias que otorguen beneficios a la salud ha logrado recopilar información sobre la composición química y valor nutricional de esta semilla y sus derivados (harina y aceite), donde se encuentra principalmente el contenido de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados n-3, destacando el ácido alfa linolénico (C18:3n-3, ALA), que se propone como fuente alternativa de este nutriente a alimentos de otros orígenes, además el contenido de fibra de la chía, principalmente fibra insoluble. En cuanto a los beneficios que se asocian al consumo de chía, se ha visto que tiene estrecha relación con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como dislipidemia, diabetes, hipertensión, cáncer, entre otras, logrando captar la atención de investigadores para controlar y prevenir estas patologías que van en aumento en la población mundial. Por lo tanto, se hace relevante profundizar en los conocimientos disponibles sobre esta semilla y sus subproductos para poder establecer los posibles mecanismos moleculares que están involucrados en la generación de beneficios para la salud. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una actualización de los beneficios asociados al consumo de semilla de chía y sus derivados.

ABSTRACT Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a seed native to the southern part of Mexico and Guatemala, which has spread to other Latin American countries. This seed has been used for different purposes throughout history, where it stands out as a food product due to its great versatility, since it can be used as a seed, whole meal flour, fiber and/or protein fractions and oil. Currently, the investigation of new food sources that provide health benefits has managed to collect information on the chemical composition and nutritional value of this seed and its derivatives (flour and oil). For polyunsaturated fatty acid content, n-3 is found, highlighting alpha linolenic acid (C18:3n-3, ALA), which is proposed as an alternative source of this nutrient to foods of other origins. In addition, the fiber content of chia, is mainly insoluble fiber. Regarding the benefits associated with chia consumption, it is closely related to chronic non-communicable diseases such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, type II, hypertension, cancer, among others, managing to attract the attention of researchers to control and prevent these pathologies that are increasing in world population. Therefore, it is relevant to deepen the knowledge available about this seed and its by-products in order to establish the possible molecular mechanisms that are involved in generating health benefits. The objective of this review is to present an update on the benefits associated with consumption of chia seed and its derivatives.

Germination of chia seeds submitted to saline stress / Germinação de sementes de chia submetidas ao estresse salino

Abstract Salinity, of both soil and water, is one of the main causes of crop yield decline. Within this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different salts on the germination of chia seeds. The experiment was conducted in a BOD chamber at a constant temperature of 20 °C and in the presence of light. The seeds were placed on paper soaked with aqueous solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2), at the osmotic potentials zero, -0.10, -0.20, -0.30, and -0.40 MPa. The effect of the salinity was evaluated using a germination test, with counts on days 7 and 14 after sowing. Based on the results, chia seeds tolerate concentrations of NaCl to -0.4 MPa and KCl to -0.20 MPa. The salts CaCl2 and MgCl2 had a negative effect on the germination and vigor of the chia seeds for the osmotic potentials -0.30 MPa and -0.20 MPa, respectively.

Resumo A salinidade, tanto dos solos como das águas, é uma das principais causas da queda de rendimento das culturas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes sais na germinação de sementes de chia. O experimento foi conduzido em câmara BOD, na temperatura constante de 20 °C e em presença de luz. As sementes foram colocadas sobre papel embebido em soluções aquosas de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2), cloreto de sódio (NaCl), cloreto de potássio (KCl) e cloreto de magnésio (MgCl2) nos potenciais osmóticos correspondentes a zero; -0,10; -0,20; -0,30 e -0,40 MPa. O efeito da salinidade foi avaliado através do teste de germinação com contagens aos 7 dias e 14 dias após a semeadura. De acordo com os resultados é possível concluir que as sementes de chia toleram concentrações de NaCl até -0,4 MPa e KCl até -0,20 MPa. Os sais CaCl2 e MgCl2 apresentam efeito negativo sobre a germinação e o vigor das sementes de chia a partir dos potenciais osmóticos de -0,30 MPa e -0,20 MPa, respectivamente.

In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and antimicrobial activity of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica)

BACKGROUND: Chia seeds are gaining increasing interest among food producers and consumers because of their prohealth properties. RESULTS: The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of chia seeds to act as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. The highest inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE was observed for colored seed ethanol extracts. A positive correlation was found between the presence of quercetin and isoquercetin as well as protocatechuic, hydroxybenzoic, and coumaric acids and the activity of extracts as AChE and BChE inhibitors. It has also been shown that grain fragmentation affects the increase in the activity of seeds against cholinesterases (ChE). Furthermore, seeds have been shown to be a source of substances that inhibit microbial growth. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the chia seed extracts are rich in polyphenols and inhibit the activity of ChEs; therefore, their use can be considered in further research in the field of treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

Cadmium toxicity on seed germination and initial growth of chia

In recent years, there has been a growing concern related to soil and water contamination due to the constant dispersal of toxic metals. In addition to their ecotoxicological potential, these elements exhibit a cumulative character that favors their permanence in soil and passage to living organisms, which can lead to an ecological imbalance. Among toxic metals, cadmium (Cd) is an obstacle to agriculture because it can adversely affect food quality and human health, as well as diminish plant growth and productivity. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of cadmium on seed germination and initial growth of chia. The ecotoxicological effects of four Cd concentrations (15; 30; 45; and 60 mg L-1) were evaluated. The response variables were germination percentage, first count, germination speed index, total length, shoot length, root length, seedling dry mass, and tolerance index. It is concluded that the presence and accumulation of Cd in the culture substrate played an inhibitory role in seed germination and initial seedling growth of chia starting at 15 mg L-1. On the other hand, no significant effect was observed for the treatments in relation to dry mass of the chia seedlings.

Technological and sensory characteristics of hamburgers added with chia seed as fat replacer / Características tecnológicas e sensoriais de hambúrgueres adicionados de semente de chia como substituta de gordura

ABSTRACT: In order to improve nutritional and functional quality, chicken burgers were made with different amounts of chia seed (0, 2, 4 and 8%) as pork fat replacers and evaluated for the microbiological, technological and sensorial characteristics. The proximate composition and the microbiological characteristics of raw burgers were in accordance with Brazilian legislation. Higher additions of chia increased the amount of dietary fiber (up to 1.46%) and carbohydrate in the products and reduced the fat content by up to 29%. The addition of chia seed reduced the a* values and increased the h* values of the raw burgers and reduced the tenderness and degree of lipid oxidation in the cooked burgers. Lower sensory taste scores and overall acceptance were conferred on products with higher chia addition; although, the degree of acceptance of the products was high. Results of this study highlighted the potential use of chia seed in the elaboration of low fat and enriched dietary fiber burgers.

RESUMO: No intuito de melhorar a qualidade nutricional e funcional, hambúrgueres de frango foram elaborados com diferentes quantidades de semente de chia (0, 2, 4 e 8%) em substituição ao toucinho e avaliados quanto às características microbiológicas, tecnológicas e sensoriais. A composição centesimal e as características microbiológicas dos hambúrgueres crus estavam de acordo com o preconizado pela legislação Brasileira. Maiores adições de chia aumentaram a quantidade de fibra dietética (até 1,46%) e de carboidrato nos produtos e reduziu os valores de gordura em até 29%. A adição de semente de chia reduziu os valores de a* e aumentou os valores de h* da cor dos hambúrgueres crus e reduziu a maciez e o grau de oxidação lipídica nos hambúrgueres cozidos. Menores notas sensoriais de sabor e a aceitação global foram conferidas aos produtos com maior adição de chia, embora o grau de aceitação dos produtos tenha sido elevado. Os resultados deste estudo destacam o potencial de uso da semente de chia na elaboração de hambúrgueres com baixo teor de gordura e enriquecidos de fibra dietética.

Influencia de reguladores de crecimiento sobre el establecimiento de cultivos in vitro de Salvia hispanica L. ("chía") y sobre su contenido de ácidos grasos / Influence of growth regulators on the establishment of in vitro cultures of Salvia hispanica L. ("chia") and its content of fatty acids

Salvia hispanica L. (Labiateae), comúnmente conocida como "chía", es una especie herbácea anual cuyo cultivo está ampliamente extendido por América del Sur. Es utilizada como cultivo industrial y para la ela-boración de alimentos funcionales por su contenido en proteínas, antioxidantes, fibras y lípidos esenciales. El aceite de sus semillas contiene la mayor proporción (68 %) de omega-3 que cualquier fuente vegetal conocida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer cultivos in vitro de "chía" y analizar la influencia de diferentes reguladores de crecimiento sobre la inducción de callos, sobre el crecimiento de estos y sobre su contenido de ácidos grasos. Se iniciaron cultivos de callos in vitro a partir de explantos de tallos sin nudos y de hojas de plántulas axénicas de 20 días de edad, utilizando 3 tratamientos de reguladores de crecimiento diferentes. El medio Murashige & Skoog modificado (MSRT) con el agregado de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxia-cético (2,4-D) a una concentración de 2,25 µM y un fotoperíodo de 16 horas fueron las condiciones óptimas para la inducción de callos. Para el mantenimiento de los callos el tratamiento más adecuado resultó ser bencilaminopurina (BAP) a una concentración de 1 µM. La cinética de crecimiento se caracterizó por un período de latencia hasta el día 20 de cultivo, seguido de un período de crecimiento exponencial entre los días 20 y 54. El tratamiento con 2,4-D (2,25 µM) mostró la más alta velocidad específica de crecimiento (0,22 ± 0,01 /día), el tiempo de duplicación más bajo (31,51 ± 1,00 día) y la mayor biomasa máxima (1,46 ± 0,01 g PF). El contenido de ácidos grasos en los callos de "chía" fue 0,83 % en promedio de todos los tratamientos después de 6 meses en cultivo y no mostró variaciones significativas (0,2 % - 0,3 %) entre los tratamientos aplicados (p < 0,05). (AU)

Chia (Salvia hispanica) experiment at a 30˚ N site in Sichuan Basin, China / Performance agronômica da chia (Salvia hispanica) cultivada aos 30˚ N na Bacia de Sichuan, China

ABSTRACT: The mysterious ancient Mesoamerican Indian crop chia (Salvia hispanica) is revived and expanding worldwide due to its richness of valuable nutraceuticals such as α-linolenic acid (ALA), antioxidants, food fiber, gels, and proteins. We carried out a pilot experiment on chia planting in non-frost Sichuan Basin, at Hechuan Base (30˚0′ 43″ N, 106˚7′ 41″ E, 216 m), Southwest University, Chongqing, China. The split-plot trial contained two factors, 3 spring-summer sowing times as main plots, and 6 densities as subplots, with 3 replicates. Phenological, botanical, adversity, yield, and seed quality traits were investigated. Plants were very tall, suffered from lodging, and flowered in mid-October. Sichuan Basin can be considered as a north edge for growing chia, with low yield (680 kg/hectare) because of insufficient seed filling and maturation in autumn-winter season (1000-seed weight of 1.14 g). However, its ALA content is 5 percent points higher than the seed-donor commercial bottle (65.06%/63.96% VS 59.35%/59.74% for black/white seeds), accompanied by decrease oleic and stearic acid, while linoleic acid and palmitic acid are equivalent. Considering its short-day habit, it is recommended to try sowing in middle summer (from late June to early August) to avoid too long growing period, excessive vegetative growth, and waste of field and climate resources caused by spring-summer sowing. Furthermore, winter sowing of chia with mulch cover could also be tried, with an expectation of harvesting in summer. Most importantly, only when the photoperiod-insensitive early flowering stocks are created, chia can be recommended as a low-risk crop to the farmers of this region.

RESUMO: A chia (Salvia hispanica) é cultivada em todo o mundo por sua riqueza de nutrientes nutracêuticos valiosos, tais como a-ácido linolênico (ALA), antioxidantes, fibras alimentares, géis e proteínas. Entretanto, não há informações sobre sua performance agronômica se cultivada aos 30˚N na China. Assim, realizou-se um experimento com o cultivo de chia na base Hechuan (30°0'43"N, 106°7'41"E, 216m, que não apresenta geada) da Southwest University, Chongqing, China. O delineamento em parcela subdividida contém dois fatores,três épocas de semeadura na primavera-verão como parcelas principais e seis densidades de sementes como subparcelas, com três repetições. Foram investigados os caracteres fenológicos, botânicos, de adversidade, rendimento e qualidade da semente. As plantas se tornaram altas, acamarame floresceram em meados de outubro. A bacia de Sichuan pode ser considerada como uma fronteira limítrofe norte para o crescimento da chia, com baixo rendimento (680kg ha-1) devido ao enchimento e amadurecimento insuficientes na estação outono-inverno (peso de 1000 sementes de 1,14g). No entanto, o seu conteúdo de ALA é de 5 pontos percentuais mais elevado do que a semente comercial, 65,06%/63,96% contra 59,35%/59,74% para as sementes pretas/brancas, respectivamente, acompanhado por diminuição de ácido oleico e ácido esteárico, enquanto que o ácido linoleico e o ácido palmítico são equivalentes. Considerando o seu hábito de dia curto, recomenda-se semear no meio do verão,de junho a início de agosto, para evitar um tempo de cultivo muito longo, desenvolvimento vegetativo excessivo e desperdício de recursos de campo e clima causados pela semeadura de primavera-verão. Além disso, a semeadura de inverno da chia com cobertura morta também poderia ser realizada, com expectativa de colheita no verão. Mais importante ainda, somente quando os estoques de floração precoce insensíveis ao fotoperíodo são criados, pode-se recomendar como uma cultura de baixo risco para os agricultores desta região.

Medio de cultivo convencional enriquecido con extractos de quinoa, amaranto y chía promueve el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus / Conventional culture media enriched with extracts of quinoa, amaranth and chia promotes the Staphylococcus aureus growth

La identificación bacteriana durante las infecciones microbiológicas es un aspecto crítico a la hora de escoger un tratamiento específico para evitar complicaciones del paciente o en algunos casos su muerte. Por ello, incrementar el crecimiento celular durante el diagnóstico clínico por cultivo bacteriano puede reducir el tiempo para determinar el patógeno que causa la enfermedad. En este trabajo, se utilizó el cultivo bacteriano como metodología y se evaluó el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus en un medio de cultivo convencional enriquecido con extractos de Chenopodium quinoa, Amaranthus caudatus y Salvia hispanica. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que estos extractos, a bajas concentraciones, tienen un efecto protector contra la citotoxicidad que se podría generar por el estrés oxidativo producto del metabolismo celular de las bacterias cultivadas in vitro e incrementan significativamente el crecimiento bacteriano. La adicción de estos extractos a los medios convencionales podría mejorar el crecimiento bacteriano durante un diagnóstico bacteriológico y reducir el tiempo de identificación del patógeno.

Increasing the bacterial growth rate reduces the time getting the bacteria identification. This is helpful to choose an accurate and quick therapeutic strategy during microbiological infections, avoiding illness complications or in some cases the death. Here, we used bacterial growth method and we evaluated the growth of Staphylococcus aureus including an extract of Chenopodium quinoa, Amaranthus caudatus and Salvia hispanica in the routine culture media. Results show that adding these extracts, at low concentrations, have a protective effect against the cytotoxicity that could be generated by the oxidative stress product of the cellular metabolism of the bacteria growing in vitro and significantly increase the bacterial growth. The addition of these extracts to conventional culture media could improve bacterial growth during a bacteriological diagnosis and to reduce the time of pathogen identification.

Germination of chia seeds submitted to saline stress

Abstract Salinity, of both soil and water, is one of the main causes of crop yield decline. Within this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different salts on the germination of chia seeds. The experiment was conducted in a BOD chamber at a constant temperature of 20 °C and in the presence of light. The seeds were placed on paper soaked with aqueous solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2), at the osmotic potentials zero, -0.10, -0.20, -0.30, and -0.40 MPa. The effect of the salinity was evaluated using a germination test, with counts on days 7 and 14 after sowing. Based on the results, chia seeds tolerate concentrations of NaCl to -0.4 MPa and KCl to -0.20 MPa. The salts CaCl2 and MgCl2 had a negative effect on the germination and vigor of the chia seeds for the osmotic potentials -0.30 MPa and -0.20 MPa, respectively.

Resumo A salinidade, tanto dos solos como das águas, é uma das principais causas da queda de rendimento das culturas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes sais na germinação de sementes de chia. O experimento foi conduzido em câmara BOD, na temperatura constante de 20 °C e em presença de luz. As sementes foram colocadas sobre papel embebido em soluções aquosas de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2), cloreto de sódio (NaCl), cloreto de potássio (KCl) e cloreto de magnésio (MgCl2) nos potenciais osmóticos correspondentes a zero; -0,10; -0,20; -0,30 e -0,40 MPa. O efeito da salinidade foi avaliado através do teste de germinação com contagens aos 7 dias e 14 dias após a semeadura. De acordo com os resultados é possível concluir que as sementes de chia toleram concentrações de NaCl até -0,4 MPa e KCl até -0,20 MPa. Os sais CaCl2 e MgCl2 apresentam efeito negativo sobre a germinação e o vigor das sementes de chia a partir dos potenciais osmóticos de -0,30 MPa e -0,20 MPa, respectivamente.

Contenido de ácidos grasos en semillas de chía (Salvia hispanica L.) cultivadas en cuatro estados de México / Fatty acid content in chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds grown in four Mexican states

Introducción: existe evidencia científica de que la chía (Salvia hispanica L.) es originaria de México y que formó parte, junto con el maíz, frijol y amaranto, de la dieta prehispánica. Con la llegada de los españoles, su uso fue suprimido en las tradiciones y costumbres de los aztecas y mayas, no es hasta finales del siglo pasado que las semillas de chía han cobrado gran interés por su alto contenido de ácido alfa-linolénico así como su relación con la salud y nutrición humana. Objetivo: determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos en semillas de chía cultivadas en diferentes zonas de México. Métodos: se obtuvieron cinco lotes de semillas de chía, a los cuales se les extrajo el aceite en equipo soxhlet con éter de petróleo. El perfil de ácidos grasos se determinó por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de flama. Resultados: los análisis cromatográficos permitieron identificar y cuantificar nueve ácidos grasos en las muestras de aceite de chía, palmítico (C16) y palmitoleico (C16:1), esteárico (C18), oleico cis-9 (C18:1 c9), oleico cis-11 (C18:1 c11), oleico cis-12 (C18:1 c12), linoleico (C18: 2 c9c12), araquídico (C20), linolénico (C18:3 c6c9c12) y alfa-linolénico (C18:3 c9c12c15). El ácidos graso alfa-linolénico presentó la mayor concentración (62,67 %). Conclusiones: el contenido de ácidos grasos saturados e insaturados en el aceite de semillas de chía, cultivadas en zonas diferentes de México, se encuentra dentro del intervalo informado para otros países.

Introduction: there is scientific evidence that chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is native to Mexico and was part of the prehispanic diet alongside maize, beans and amaranth. Upon arrival of the Spanish colonizers, its use was suppressed from Aztec and Mayan customs and traditions. It is not until the end of the twentieth century that chia seeds attracted great interest due to their high alpha-linoleic acid content and its relationship to human nutrition and health. Objective: determine the fatty acid profile in chia seeds grown in various regions of Mexico. Methods: five lots of chia seeds were obtained, from which the oil was extracted in a Soxhlet device with petroleum ether. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Results: chromatographic analysis permitted identification and quantification of nine fatty acids in the chia oil samples: palmitic (C16) and palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18), cis-9 oleic (C18:1 c9), cis-11 oleic (C18:1 c11), cis-12 oleic (C18:1 c12), linoleic (C18: 2 c9c12), arachidic (C20), linolenic (C18:3 c6c9c12) and alpha-linolenic (C18:3 c9c12c15). Alpha-linolenic acid had the greatest concentration (62.67 %). Conclusions: the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in oil from chia seeds grown in various regions of Mexico is within the range reported by other countries.

EFECTO DE LA INCLUSIÓN DE DIFERENTES FUENTES DE LÍPIDOS SOBRE PARÁMETROS PRODUCTIVOS Y COMPOSICIÓN PROXIMAL DEL FILETE DE TILAPIA NILÓTICA -Oreochromis niloticus- CULTIVADA EN JAULAS FLOTANTES / EFFECT OF THE INCLUSION OF DIFFERENT LIPID SOURCES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF NILE TILAPIA FILLET -Oreochromis niloticus- REARED IN FLOATING CAGES

Para evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de diferentes fuentes de lípidos sobre el comportamiento productivo y la composición proximal del filete de tilapia nilótica Oreo-chromis niloticus, se formularon cuatro dietas con aceite de pescado (AP), aceite de palma (APL), semilla de chía (SC) o semilla de lino (SL). El experimento fue realizado durante 45 días en la represa de Betania (Huila, Colombia), en 20 jaulas flotantes, cada una con 504 peces con peso promedio de 557±16,87 g, distribuidos bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Adicionalmente se llevó a cabo un estudio de presupuestos parciales, con el fin de verificar el margen bruto de ingreso parcial (MBIP) obtenido con las diferentes dietas. Se observaron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) en el factor de conversión alimenticia (FCA) entre AP (1,19) y SL (1,54) y en la tasa de eficiencia proteica (TEP) para AP (3,64) al comparar con las demás dietas. Por su parte, la dieta que contenía SC generó el menor MBIP, seguido de SL, APL y AP. En la composición proximal de los filetes, únicamente se observaron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) en el contenido de proteína cruda entre AP (18,23%) al compararlo con SL (19,17%). En conclusión, es posible utilizar AP, APL, SC o SL como fuentes de lípidos en las dietas, sin afectar la sobrevivencia, biomasa final, ganancia diaria de peso, consumo aparente de alimento, tasa específica de crecimiento e índice viscerosomático.

In order to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different lipid sources on growth performance and proximate composition of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fillet, four diets were manufactured with: fish oil (FO), palm oil (PO), chia seeds (CS) or flaxseeds (FS). The experiment was conducted for 45 days at Betania reservoir (Huila), in 20 floating completely randomized experimental design. In Addition, an economical partial budget analysis was run to establish the partial gross marginal income (PGMI) obtained with the different diets. Significant differences (P < 0,05) were observed in feed conversion ratio (FCR) between FO (1,19) and FS (1,54) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among FO (3,64) and the other diets. The CS diet generated the lower IGMP followed by FS, PO and FO. In fillet proximal composition there were significant differences (P < 0,05) only in crude protein content, between FO (18,23%) compared with FS (19,17%). In conclusion it is possible to use FO, PO, CS or FS as lipids sources in the diet without affecting survival, final biomass, daily live weight gain, apparent food intake, specific growth rate and viscerosomatic index. cages, each one with 504 fish with mean live weight of 557 ± 16,87 g, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. In Addition, an economical partial budget analysis was run to establish the partial gross marginal income (PGMI) obtained with the different diets. Significant differences (P < 0,05) were observed in feed conversion ratio (FCR) between FO (1,19) and FS (1,54) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among FO (3,64) and the other diets. The CS diet generated the lower IGMP followed by FS, PO and FO. In fillet proximal composition there were significant differences (P < 0,05) only in crude protein content, between FO (18,23%) compared with FS (19,17%). In conclusion it is possible to use FO, PO, CS or FS as lipids sources in the diet without affecting survival, final biomass, daily live weight gain, apparent food intake, specific growth rate and viscerosomatic index.

Características preliminares del aceite de semillas de Salvia hispanica L. cultivadas en Cuba / Preliminary characteristics of the oil from Salvia hispanica L. seeds grown in Cuba

Introducción: en años recientes, la chía (Salvia hispanica L. ) ha cobrado gran interés por el alto contenido del ácido graso alfa-linolénico en el aceite de sus semillas. Aunque esta especie no es nativa de Cuba se ha estado cultivando recientemente en la Estación Experimental Juan Tomás Roig. Objetivo: determinar las características organolépticas y la composición de ácidos grasos en lotes de aceite obtenidos a partir de semillas de chía cultivadas en Cuba, y su comparación con un aceite obtenido a partir de semillas de Ecuador. Métodos: los aceites obtenidos por extracción con hexano se analizaron organolépticamente y se determinó su composición de ácidos grasos por cromatografía de gases. Resultados: las características organolépticas (líquido aceitoso amarillo claro con olor característico), así como la composición y el contenido de ácidos grasos coincidieron con lo descrito en la literatura para esta especie, con altos contenidos de C18:2 y C18:3 (21 y 58 por ciento, respectivamente). Conclusiones: el aceite obtenido de semillas de chía cultivadas en Cuba fue similar a los obtenidos en otras partes del mundo, entre ellos el aceite de semillas procedentes de Ecuador, por lo que pudieran ampliarse sus estudios con vistas a valorar su posible empleo como suplemento nutricional

Introduction: in recent years, Chia (Salvia hispanica L. ) has aroused a great interest because of the high content of alpha-linolenic fatty acid in its seed oil. Although this species is not indigenous from Cuba, it has been recently grown at the Juan Tomás Roig experimental station. Objectives: to determine the organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid composition in oil batches obtained from Chia seeds grown in Cuba, and to compare them with the oil from Ecuador seeds. Methods: the oils, extracted with hexane, were organoleptically analyzed and their fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Results: their organoleptic characteristics (light yellow oily liquid with peculiar odor) as well as the composition and the fatty acid content matched those described in the literature for this species, being high the contents of C18: 2 and C18: 3 (21 and 58 percent respectively). Conclusions: the oil from chia seeds grown in Cuba was similar to those obtained in other parts of the world, including seed oil from Ecuador; therefore, further studies can be conducted with a view to assessing their possible use as nutritional supplement

Caracterización morfoanatómica de hoja, tallo, fruto y semilla de Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae ) / Morphoanatomical characterization of Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae ) leaf, stem, fruit and seed

The "chía", Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae), is an herbaceous annual plant native to Mexico. Its fruits contain antioxidant substances important for human nutrition, such as linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, natural sources of omega-3 and omega-6 acids. The aim of this work was to establish morphological and anatomical diagnostic characters for leaf, stem, fruit and seed of the species in order to contribute to the botanical quality control in the marketing process as raw material for food and/or pharmaceutical industry.

Salvia hispanica L., "chía", (Lamiaceae), es una planta herbácea, anual, originaria de México. Sus frutos contienen antioxidantes, ácido linoleico y alfa-linolénico, fuente natural de ácidos grasos omega-6 y omega-3, importantes en la nutrición humana. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue establecer caracteres morfológicos y anatómicos diagnósticos de hoja, tallo, fruto y semilla de dicha especie, a fin de contribuir al control de calidad botánico en el proceso de comercialización como materia prima para la industria alimenticia y/o farmacéutica.

Caracterización de harinas de "chía" (Salvia hispanica L) comercializadas en Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina) / Characterization of "chia" flours (Salvia hispanica L.) marketed in Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina)

Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae) -conocida como "chía"- es una especie de interés dietario-medicinal, fuente de ácidos grasos omega-6 y omega-3, proteínas, antioxidantes y fibras solubles e insolubles. Con el objetivo de caracterizar harinas de S. hispanica que se comercializan en la ciudad de Rosario, se analizaron muestras adquiridas en diferentes comercios. Se realizó la caracterización botánica y se determinó: fibras brutas totales, humedad, cenizas, proteínas y ácidos grasos. Las muestras comercializadas como harina corresponden, en realidad, a semillas de "chía" molidas. Se comprobó que existen a la venta lotes de harina de "chía" de los que se desconoce su procedencia y procesamiento, algunos adulterados con semillas de otras especies. Los resultados de humedad y de proteínas obtenidos estuvieron dentro de los valores estipulados por el Código Alimentario Argentino 2009 pero ciertos valores de fibra bruta total y ceniza fueron inferiores. Con este relevamiento se comprobó que lo comercializado como harina de "chía" en la ciudad de Rosario es semilla molida, donde se observa una alta variación en la calidad, pues se dispone en el mercado desde productos de alta pureza hasta otros, totalmente adulterados.